Pakistan Objective Resolution 1949

     

On March 12, 1949, the Constitutional Assembly adopted a resolution moved by Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. It was called the "Pakistan Objective Resolution ". This resolution occupied the prime importance in the formulation of the constitution. The main points of this resolution are as under:

Sovereignty:  

The sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah Almighty and the authority. He has delegated to the state of Pakistan, though its peoples for being exercised within the limits prescribed Him is a sacred thing.

Islamic Legislation:

The Constitution of Pakistan shall be formulated in the light of Quran and Sunnah and no legislation will be done repugnant to the teaching of Islam.

Islamic Values:

The principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed.

Islamic Way of Life:

The Muslim shall be enabled to order their lives in the individuals and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Quran and Sunnah.

Federal Government:

The territories now include in or in the accession with Pakistan and such other territories as may hereafter be included in or accede to Pakistan shall form a federation wherein the units will autonomous with each boundary and limitations on their power and authority as may be prescribed.

Fundamental Rights:

There shall be guaranteed fundamental rights including equality of status, of opportunity and before the law, social, economic and political justice, and freedom of thoughts expression, beliefs, faith, worship and association, Important subject to law and public morality.

Development of Backward Areas:

Adequate provinces shall be made for the minorities to profess and practice their religion and develop their cultures.

 The importance of Objectives:

The Objectives Resolution occupies a special importance in the Constitutional history of Pakistan. Through this Resolution, it was declared that the establishment of the Islamic Society in the light of Quran and Sunnah was the real purpose of the country so that the purpose of creation of Pakistan was fulfilled. That's why this Resolution is included in all the three constitutions of Pakistan(1956,1962,1973)as a preamble. 

   

Liaquat Ali Khan's Role as First Prime Minister of Pakistan

  

• Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan was born at Karnal, a town in East Punjab in 1896. He did his graduation from MAO college, Aligarh and got the degree in Law from Oxford University. He joined the All India Muslim League in 1923. He was elected the general Sectary of All India Muslim League in 1936. He was the most trusted Lieutenant of Quaid-e-Azam till his death. On August 15, 1947, he became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was assassinated on October 16, 1951, while addressing a public meeting at Rawalpindi.
• To stop the bloodbath of the Muslim in Punjab, Liaquat Ali Khan as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan toured the border areas with Pandit Nehru and appealed to refrain from the hateful activity of human bloodshed.
• Rhe refugees were pouring into the Punjab in a large number and it was not an easy task to accommodate them. On the direction of Quaid-e-Azam, he as Chairman, Punjab  Muhajir Council, monitored the work of rehabilitation of refugeeing and providing them with necessities of life.
• He helped and guided Quaid-e-Azam, the nation, and Government setting up an effective administrative system, restoration of economic life, preparation of the budget, Kashmir issue, controlling internal disruption and defense against Indian conspiracies. But the responsibility of implementing the decisions rested with him. 
• When the nation was demoralised after the death of Quaid-e-Azam and the Indian leadership was always busy in hatching conspiracies against Pakistan, it was he who represented and led the nation. The nation gave him the title of "Quaid-e-Millat" in commemoration of superb leadership skills.
• In the reign of Liaquat Ali Khan, an enormous struggle was launched for economic growth. The peoples were persuaded to use Pakistani products. Machinery was imported from Japan for the development of textile industry and Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation set up.
• He got a more objective resolution passed from Assembly in 1949 and constituted a "Basic Principles Committee" to draw the new constitution. 
• The foreign policy formulated by Liaquat Ali Khan had the fundamental principles of maintaining the brotherly and friendly relations with Islamic countries. He supported the steps taken by Dr. Muhmmad Musaddique, the Prime Minister if Iran, to nationalize the oil. When Shah of Iran paid a state visit to Pakistan, both of the leaders had talked to adopt a joint policy. He condemned the aggression of Western countries against Egypt and supported the freedom movement in Indonesia.
• After Pakistan was established, Hindus-Muslims riots were a routine in India due to serve enemy of Hindus against the Muslims. Liaquat Ali Khan thought it necessary to solve this problem at the government level. Therefore, in 1950 he visited India in this connection and signed Liaquat-Nehru pact.
• When the Indian Army concentrated on the borders of Pakistan in the mid of 1951, uncertainty was created in the country. He toured country-wide to raised the morale of the nation and to make the peoples aware of this threat. He raised a first in his speeches which made the peoples aware of this threat.

Quaid-e-Azam Role as First Governor General of Pakistan

    Quaid-e-Azam Role as First Governor General of Pakistan

1. Quaid-e-Azam worked as a Governor General of Pakistan for 13 Months. He died on 11 September 1948. During this short period, he used his penetrating sight and leadership abilities and resolved important national issues that helped Pakistan stand on its feet.
2. The loft personality of Quaid-e-Azam solved the problem created after the birth of Pakistan in an excellent way. Congress tried to create any type of problem of Pakistan including an unequal division of assets, the problem of rehabilitation of refugees and inhuman treatment they received from the Hindus and the Sikhs, and noncommunication of administrative record time.
3. Quaid-e-Azam well-judged the seriousness of the circumstances and made the Karachi the Capital of Pakistan promptly.
4. Advised Government officials to do their duty with honesty and faithfulness.
5. He arranged to operate special trains to shift officers from India to Pakistan.
6. He made an arrangement with an Air Company which made the shifting of Government officials possible.
7. He constituted a committee under the chairmanship of Chaudry Muhammad Ali to improve the administrative structure.
8. He launched civil service and made Pakistan Civil Services Academy.
9. He also started Accounts and Foreign Service.
10. The General Heasquatter made in order to improve the Armed Forces.
11. Ordnance factory was also set up in the short period of Quaid-e-Azam Governor-Generalship.
12. Quaid-e-Azam not only paid much attention to the internal affairs but also left no stone unturned to formulate the foreign policy. He established good relations with neighboring as well as the other major countries which were included in the fundamental objectives of our foreign policy.
13. Pakistan got the membership of the United Nation. It was due to the statesmanship of Quaid-e-Azam.
14. After the establishment of Pakistan, our country was facing many challenges.  It was necessary to achieve the suspect in the field of education. Quaid-e-Azam paid special attention toward this issue. He conducted first Educational Conference in 1947. He was of the view that the objectives of education were the moral development of the peoples. He wished that every citizen of Pakistan should serve the nation selflessly. He declared the education of science and technology compulsory for the young students.
15. Quaid-e-Azam served Pakistan till he breathed his last. Despite his broken health, he would study important files.
16. Although the incurable and fatal disease of tuberculosis had weakened him physically, yet his determination to serve Pakistan not weakened. He did not let his disease come in the way of his duties. It would not be an exaggeration to say that Quaid-e-Azam served Pakistan at the cost of his life.
17.   

Quaid-e-Azam Role in the Making of Pakistan

   

The personality of Quid-e-Azam changed the fate of the Muslims in South Asia. He compelled the British as well as the Hindus to partition India.

Services Rendered by Quaid-e-Azam:

1. Under Lucknow pact, Quid-e-Azam united the both of the nations (The Hindus and Muslims) in 1916. He got the right of separate electorates for the Muslims acknowledged and got the little of the Ambassador of Peace.
2. He along with Hindu leaders, Gokhale demanded new constitutional reforms in1913. Again in 1919, his efforts of the Montagu.-Chelmsford Reforms are of great significance.
3. In 1919, Sir Sydney Rowlatt got an act passed. It was named as the Rowlatt Act. It was a black law. The administration was given unlimited powers and the civil rights were trodden upon. Quid-e-Azam raised his voice against it. He wrote to the Viceroy Lord Chelmsford, "In my opinion, the government that passes or sanctions such a law in times of peace forfeits its claimed to be called a civilized Government."In Delhi-Muslims proposal in 1927, Quid-e-Azam withdrew the right of a separate electorate and gave an indication to co-operate with the Congress but it could not be fulfilled. 
4. He rejected the Nehru report in 1928and presented his fourteen points in 1929 which determined the goals of the Muslims.
5. He participated in the Round Table Conference (1930-31) and maintained the National identity of the Muslims.
6. He injected a new life into the dead body of Muslim-League in 1935-36and guided the freedom movement.
7. In 1937 Congress, on account of its majority, formed ministries in 7 out of 11 provinces and tried to inflict injuries to the Muslims socially and politically. Quid-e-Azam used his political foresight and faced these conspiracies gallantly. At last, Congress resigned from ministries. Therefore, on 22nd December 1939, Jinnah put out an appeal, calling for India Muslims, to observe the day as a "Day of Deliverance" and thanksgiving as marks of relief. 
8. In October 1937, Quid-e-Azam was unanimously accepted as a leader in the Muslim League Session at Lucknow. After it, Quid-e-Azam toured the length and breadth of the country on the emergency basis.
9. In his address in Minto Park (Now Iqbal Park), in the session of Muslim League, he explained the Two-Nation Theory that became the basis of Pakistan.
10. From 1940 to 1945, on one side he made many efforts for the reconciliation between the Government and political parties, and on the other side, between the Muslim League and the Congress. Among them, Cripps Mission, Jinnah-Gandhi talks and Shimla Conference are worth mentioning.
11. It was the fruit of his efforts that the Muslim League met with success in 1945-46 Elections. He made all the conspiracies of the Hindus and British unsuccessful. At last, Lord Mountbatten presented 3rd June, 1947Plan promising to establish Pakistan and Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947.

3rd June 1947 Plan

                           

Negotiation With Political Leaders: 

After the failure of Lord Wavell, the British Government started its final planning to wind up its power.The British Prime Minister sent Lord Mountbatten to the Sub-continent with clear instructions. Immediately, after his arrival, he met with important leaders and held negotiations with them. He met Nawabs and Rajas of princely states. He realized that no solution other than partition could be found. Now, there was the question of establishing the principles of partition. One after another, the leader of Congress started to think Two-Nation Theory a reality. Lord Mountbatten and Lady Mountbatten had a personal relation with Nehru family. Other leaders of Congress also considered Mountbatten sympathetic and affectionate friend. Considering the partition indispensable, a conspiracy was planned but the Congress in collaboration with Lord Mountbatten to complete the process of partition in such a manner as a truncated, imbalanced and weak Pakistan was made that would be compelled to be a part of India soon. Lord Mountbatten with the help of his staff, started framing the basic principles of partition in order to determine the boundary lines of both of the countries. He assured the leaders of Congress confidentially that the partition process would take place according to their wishes and the condition laid down by them would be preferred. It was the result of the conspiracy that the main leaders of the congress begin to avoid the opposing the petition. Lord Mountbatten took the scheme, prepared secret with Congress, to London for approved by the British Government. 

All Parties Conference:

When Lord Mountbatten came from London, he converted all parties Conference, Quaid-e-Azam, Liaquat Ali Khan, Sardar Abdur Rub Nishter, Pandit Nehru, Sardar Patel, Acharya Kriplalani and Baldev Sing participated in it. Viceroy of India explained the various aspects of the partition plan. Afterward, he held the separate meeting with leaders of each party. On 3rd June 1947, the second session of the conference was conducted. All leaders approved the plan. Despite the promise made with the Muslims had been breached and injustice was done to gain the goodwill of the leaders of the Congress. Quaid-e-Azam accepted the plan unwillingly. The speeches of the representative of both the major parties were broadcasted on Radio.Quaid-e-Azam ended his speech with Pakistan Zinda Baad.

Main Points of 3rd June 1947 Plan:

The government made the design to partition the Sub-continent. Acknowledging the principles stand of the establishment of two states, the Government settled the details and developed the program regarding the future of various provinces and states.

1. The Punjab and Bengal Province:

The Provincials Legislative Assemblies of Punjab and Bengal were to meet in two groups, i-e., Muslims majority districts. The members of the two parts of each Legislative Assembly sitting separately will be empowered to vote whether or not the Province should be partitioned. If any of the two decided in favor of the division of the provinces, then the Governer General would appoint the boundary commission to demarcate the province.

2. The North West Frontier Province:

A referendum would be held in the North-West Frontier province to ascertain whether they wished to join Pakistan or India. The political issues of the Tribal areas would be settled by the Government that is formed after the referendum. The Governer-General would conduct the referendum himself and for this purpose, he would have to co-operation of the Provincial Government.

3. Sindh:

Sindh Assembly would decide the future state of the province through the majority of the vote. It would be decided whether the province wished to join Pakistan or India. The European members of Sindh Assembly would not have the right to vote. 

4. Balochistan:

Balochistan had not been given the status of the province till then. According to plan, the opinion of the Quetta Municipality and Shahi Jirga would be sought. The official members would not be including in voting.

5. District Sylhet:

District of Sylhet in Assam had Muslim Majority population. According to the plan, it was decided to hold the referendum in Sylhet. The referendums would be conducted after the partition of Bengal into two parts. If the majority of the peoples decides to join the East Bengal, they would form a part of Pakistan.

6. Non-Muslim Majority Provinces:

 The whole of Assam excluding the Sylhet would become a part of India. LikewiseBihar, Orissa, U.P, C.P, Bombay and Madras would be included in India.

7. Princely States:

There were the 635 such states in the Sub-continent as were ruled by the Nawabs or Rajas. Some important states include Jammu & Kashmir, Kapurthala, Bikaner, Hyderabad Deccan, Swat, Dir, Patiala, Bahawalpur, and Junagadh. These states were also given the option to decide their future and join the country of their own choice.

Cabinet Mission Plan 1944

           

In 1945, Labour party came into power in Britain. Noticing the increasing political restlessness in India, the British Prime Minister, Lord Atlee sent a Cabinet Mission to India. This mission had two basic purposes:

The first purpose was to determine the constitutional status of India and the form of the government.

The second purpose was to bridge the gap between the Muslims and the Hindus and try to convince the Muslims to live in the United India. But the General Elections of 19454-46 proved that it was quite impossible. The commission consisted of three Ministers:

1. Sir. Stafford Cripps
2. Mr. A.V Alexander
3. Lord Pethick-Lawrence

Since all the members belonged to British Cabinet, it was called Cabinet Mission.

Talks with Different Political Leaders:

 The members of the Cabinet Mission held talks with different political leaders in the Sub-continent. They exchanged their views with Governers and Chief Ministers. They found the views of the Governer Generals too. Both major parties, Muslim League and Congress, had clear the viewpoints. Muslim League declared that the only solution to the issue was the partition of the Sub-continent and creation of Pakistan. On the other hand, Congress, on the basis of the single nation, strongly opposed any type of partition in the South Asia. It neglected the Two Nation Theory and denied the idea of Pakistan harshly.
A condition of tension prevailed in the talks because while sending the mission to India, The British Prime Minister made a statement in the Parliament that no minority would have the right to exercise the veto power and it will not be allowed to close the path of national development. Congress was much pleased with his statement but Quaid-e-Azam criticized it intensely. Quaid-e-Azam responded that Muslim League is striving for the protection of the rights of the Muslims and it want to resolve the constitutional issues on the basis of Two-Nation Theory. During the Dialogues with the mission, Quaid-e-Azam said: ”The Sub-continent neither a country nor it is the homeland of a single nation. The Muslims was a nation with the separate identity that has all the rights to decide the future of its own.”

Proposal of Cabinet Mission:

The members of the Cabinet Mission met the leader of all the political parties to find their point of views but they could not reach any result. On 16ty May 1946 the members of the Cabinet Mission announced a plan of their own. The silent features of the plan were under as:
Sub-continent, A Union:
The Sub-continent should be a union consisting of any provinces and several states. A federation should be formed. The Union should deal with the subjects of defense, foreign affairs, and communications. The Union should have the powers to raise the finances required for the above subjects. All subjects other than the union subjects shall be the rest with the provinces.
Formation of Provincials Groups:
The Provinces of India were to forms three groups:
Groups A: Hindus majority provinces of Madras, Bombay(Mumbai), U.P, C.P, Bihar, and Orissa.
Groups B: Muslim majority provinces like Punjab, North West Frontier Province (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Balochistan, and Sindh.
Group C: Bengal and Assam.
It should be a Union of new nature forming Central organization, provincials, Organization and Groups Organization. The power of Union and provinces were explained in the proposal of the Cabinet Mission but so far as the distribution of powers between the provincials and groups organization was concerned, it was said that these will be decided by the Provincials and Groups Organization themselves. The provinces and states will be given seats in the Central Legislature as well as in the Cabinet on the basis of their population. Keeping in view of a proportion of the population, each province will be given representation.

Election of the Central Legislature:

The members of the Provincial assemblies will elect the Central Legislature. The Central Legislature will frame the constitution for the whole of the country. After the Central Cabinet framed, all the three provincial groups will prepare their own constitutions.
Separation from Union:
If one or two provinces from the three groups of provinces decide to separate from the Union, they could do so but after ten years. This point granted the right to the Muslims majority areas of Group B and Group C to make Pakistan after ten years. Thus, the process of the partition will complete automatically.

Jinnah-Gandhi Talks 1944

                   

My heart was asking me to write you a letter. I can meet you when you wish. Don’t think me the enemy of Islam or the Muslims. I am not only the friend or servant of you but of the whole world. Don’t disappoint me.”

In the reply to this letter, Quaid-e-Azam proposed a meeting in Mumbai in the mid of August. However, the meeting started in September. It was decided in the meeting that instead of the verbal discussion, it is better to exchange letters so that the records of the viewpoints of both of the points may be preserved. In y=this very meeting, Gandhi said clearly that he represent nobody but himself. He said that he was not meeting with Quaid-e-Azam as representative of Congress. Quaid-e-Azam objected to it and stress that unless talks are not held between the representative of two nations, he could not hope to reach some positive results.

The talks started from the point of Pakistan resolution based on the Two-Nation Theory. During the talks, Gandhi refused to accept the Two-Nation Theory.

The proposal made by Gandhi:

After having dialogue and corresponding with Quaid-e-Azam, Gandhi said the although he was not supported the Two-Nation Theory, yet if Muslim League wanted to put Lahore resolution into practical form, this issue should be delayed. First, they should receive the freedom from the British collectively. Afterward, Congress and Muslim League may settle the issue of Pakistan mutually.

Reply of Quaid-e-Azam:

Quaid-e-Azam judged that the style adopted by Gandhi is nothing but cheating and hypocrisy and cunningness. He emphasized that the British must settle the issue of Pakistan before the freedom of India because Conge=res and Hindus could not be relied upon.

C.R Formula 1944:

When the British government crushed the “Quit India” movement launched by Gandhi forcefully and put Gandhi behind the parts, his movement died out. Now, Gandhi tried to weaken the Muslim League by trapping Quaid-e-Azam in z conspiracy. Gandhi used Chakravarti Raj Gopal Acharya and asked him to express the opinion about the partition of India. Chakravarti Raj Gopal Acharya was a leader of All India National Congress. He belonged to Madras. He was known to the public as Raja Gee. Chakravarti Raj Gopal Acharya and Gandhi finalized the formula in the March 1944.

This formula is known as “C.R Formula”. In the meantime correspondence between the Quaid-e-Azam and Gandhi, who was in the jail, continued. The formula was sent to the Quaid-e-Azam. Quaid-e-Azam was informed of the details of the formula on 8^th April 1944. The main points of this formula were as under:

1. This formula is the basis of an agreement between the Congress and Muslim League. Gandhi and Quaid-e-Azam will agree on it and they will try to approve it from their respective parties.
2. At the end of the war, a commission would be appointed to democratize the district having a Muslim population in an absolute majority and in those areas plebiscite would be conducted on basis of all would vote the inhabitants (including the Non-Muslim) where adult.
3. The league endorsed the Indian demand for the independence and cooperate with the Congress information of Provisional Interim Government for a transitional period.
4. All parties would be allowed to express their stance on the partition and their views before the plebiscite.
5. In the event of separation, a mutual agreement would be entered into for safeguarding essential matters such as defense, communication and commerce and for other essential services.
6. The transfer of population, if any would be absolutely on a voluntary basis.